Impact of Urban Spatial Transformation on the Mobility of Commuters with Different Transportation Modes in China: Evidence from Kunming 2011–2016

Many emerging economies, including China, are undergoing rapid and large-scale urban spatial transformation. Thus, the daily mobility of transportation-disadvantaged groups, especially non-car users, has received increased attention, as these people may experience significant restrictions in their activities. Such raise issues with respect to transport-related social exclusion, which detrimental sustainability transportation systems. Activity participation time use have been used measure barriers inequalities that travelers face lives. However, limited research conducted on how different modes evolved over a longer period relative development. Therefore, this study aimed investigate activity car comparison other mode groups Kunming from 2011 2016, growth motorization. A three-layer structure was characterize hierarchy requirements. Propensity score matching compare commuters across periods while controlling several confounding factors. Three conclusions were drawn results study: First, changes form system cause residential suburbanization considerable increase private-car public at expense non-motorized modes. Second, degree impact space transformation personal is ranked descending order transit, cycling walking, e-bike, cars. Third, traffic disadvantage users obvious, gap travel tends widen time. We discuss consequences exclusion highlight directions for future sustainable planning research.